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How to reinstall Mac OS – An A to Z guide for Mac Os installation
Computer SoftwareHow toMacOSOperating System

How to reinstall Mac OS – An A to Z guide for Mac Os installation

by Bhagya
written by Bhagya

Apple recently declared that there are now nearly 100 million active Mac users. Sometimes in Windows, Mac OS, or anything other operating system’s problems can be fixed by reinstalling. If you need to sell or give away your old mac or modify your Mac you should reinstall the OS. Many computer users do it regularly. This will clean up and speed up the machine and clear all unwanted programs. This process consumes time. When you have malfunctions in the operating system you must upgrade or reinstall the OS. Let’s look at how to reinstall the Mac operating system on your Mac.

Reinstalling from Mac OS recovery

Mac OS recovery makes it easy to reinstall the Mac operating system. All you need is an Internet connection. Even in the Wi-Fi menu, you can select Mac OS recovery.

  • First of all turn on your Mac
  • Start-up from the Mac OS recovery immediately press and hold one of the following set of keys on the keyboard the keys are;
  1. Command (⌘)-R
  2. Option-⌘-R
  3. Shift-Option-⌘-R

Release the keys when the Apple logo, spinning globe, or another start-up screen appears. Option A one will reinstall the latest Mac OS which was installed on your Mac this option is the most common one. Option B will upgrade the latest Mac which is compatible. If you need to reinstall them closest version still available go for option C.

After that, the new window will be prompted to enter a password. This password is a firmware password or the password of a user or administrator of this Mac. Enter the relevant password to continue the process. Then you will be given the options list off Mac OS utilities. From the list, you have to click on the reinstall Mac OS option.

Decide if you need to free your disc

If you are giving away the mac ensure that you must erase personal data and restore it to factory settings.  In those cases don’t just delete your information. Backup them into an external device for future use. If you just need to clean up your machine and give it to a fresh start, you won’t probably need to erase your data from your disc. After deleting the data before installing Mac OS select utility from the utility window. Next click on ‘continue’.

 Installing the operating system

Now you are ready to install Mac OS. Firstly select it to reinstall Mac OS option from the utility window then click continue. You have to follow the onscreen instructions that are given. Choose a specific disc on which to install.

  1. Firstly You must unlock your disc with the relevant password you normally use to log into a Mac if it’s requesting.
  2. If it is unable to see your disc or if it is saying ‘That it can’t install on your computer or volume you need to erase your entire disc first.
  3. Sometimes the installer is mentioning 4 different versions of Mac OS than you expected you will need Mac OS recovery exceptions.
  4. you need to choose between installing on Macintosh HD or Macintosh HD data choose Macintosh HD if it’s asking.

The reinstalling

When the installation process is happening you have to make sure that the computer will not put to sleep also avoid closing its lid. During the period your Mac might restart and appear a progress bar. After the Mac restarts to set up assistant you have to give your own formation and complete the setup.

If you are giving away your Mac press Command + Q to stop the setup assistant and avoid completing setup. After that shutdown it. Now the new buyer can input their own information to complete set up.

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Devices for Google home | What devices to choose for Google home
AndroidComputer hardwareComputer Software

Devices for Google home | What devices to choose for Google home

by Bhagya
written by Bhagya

We all live in the smart era of human evolution. You have a smart thing around the world, even in your hand. Consequently, now your home is also getting smart with Google home. This virtual personal assistant uses artificial intelligence to make life more comfortable and efficient. Google Home is continually updating getting more and smarter with the time. After saying “OK Google” you can search solutions for astrophysics formula as well as planning your day with reminders and alarms, listen to your playlist. Google Home lets you widen your limits with high technology. Google Home is compatible to communicate and sync with other Google Home devices. Below you will find the most popular set of devices for Google home.

Google Nest Hub Max

Google’s next hub is on amongst of most compatible devices list in Google Home. The Nest Hub Max has featured a camera with both video call and security capabilities. Facial recognition and hand gestures are also captured smartly by the Nest Hub max. You can use Google Nest Hub Max as a display for entertainment purposes also. Next Hub max is also capable of operating all other smart home gadgets in your home. Additionally, the Nest Hub Max supports communications for low-power smart home devices.

Thermostats

Controlling the ambiance temperature of your room through voice is a really handy task with using thermostats. In this case, The Honeywell Color thermostat and the Nest Learning Thermostat are wise choices. These devices connect easily with room sensors and Google Home then activates voice-controlled temperature control. The Honeywell Color will provide reminders to change the air filter or warnings about high low temperatures.

Lighting devices

Are you a person who forget always to switch off lights when you leaving the home or room. Here is the easy smart solution for you. If you connect Philips Hue lights devices for Google Home, you can just switch the lights on /off also adjust dimming, change colors, and intensity in certain rooms. Before that make sure to get unless you get a starter kit which includes everything you need. Also with Sengled Element lights, it is easy to dim and set schedules for your bulbs. You can choose between a variety of dim white and multicolor bulbs

Automatic locks with Google Home

When you’re asking from that If my door is locked or not Google Home will provide necessary information to you with August Smart Wi-Fi Smart Lock. It also locks or unlocks the connected doors with your voice command. Plus it keeps track of guests lists coming to your home. The Nest X Yale Lock is a key‑free smart lock with a keypad that also syncing with Google home securely and easily. Your Google Nest camera will also work with it.

Chromecast

The ability to play video and control video on smart devices using your voice is the most famous and coolest feature in Google Home. For that Google, Chromecast comes handy. Chromecast will connect to your HDTV to your smart home network via Wi-Fi just using HDMI cable. Then you can watch your favorite Netflix show with just a voice command. The flagship Chromecast still high on recommendations because it is easy to set up.

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Network Topology | Network Engineering tutorial
Computer hardwareComputer Software

Network Topology | Network Engineering tutorial

by Oshan
written by Oshan

A network is described as a group of two or more computer systems linked collectively. Absolutely, this is a collection of devices such as printers, scanners, webcams linked together through communication devices such as cables, NIC, Hubs, Routers, and transmission media such as radio waves, infrared, satellite, radio wave. Furthermore, in computer networks, networked computing devices transfer data with each other the use of a data link. Importantly there are three main types of networks, including Local Area Networks (LAN), Man Area Networks (MAN), and Wide Area Networks (WAN). Along with, the network topology is the adjusting of the different elements of a communication network. There are basic five types of network topology including bus topology, ring topology, star topology, tree topology, and mesh topology.

What is networking topology?

Network topology defines the adjustment of different types of telecommunication networks, namely industrial field busses, computer networks, and command and control radio networks. That is a topological structure and also can illustrate as physically or logically. Graph theory is used for this network topology configuration. In here devices consider as nodes, as well as connections between the network devices, consider as lines or links between the nodes. Mostly network topologies can found in Local Area Networks (LAN).

Main types of network topology.

A huge variety of physical topologies use in LANs, including ring, star, bus, and mesh. But especially tree use in Wide Area Network (WAN).

Ring topology

Actually, you can imagine the shape of this topology when heard the word called ring because it forms a ring. Here each network device connects with the other two devices on either side of it. As well as, the last node connected to the first node. Each device has two neighboring devices. It has one direction of data transmission. It is easy to install and easy to manage are considered as advantages. Nevertheless, one network failure can breakdown the whole network. Furthermore, there are data traffic issues in a ring

Tree topology

A tree has a rooted device and all other computer devices connect to it forming a hierarchy. Therefore it is also introduced by hierarchical topology. It has several levels and should have at least three levels. In addition to that, expanding network devices is very easy and possible. It is easy to manage and maintain as well as easy to detect errors. Besides configuration cost is high and complex caballing are some disadvantages of this. If the root node means the central hub fails, the whole network fails.

Star topology

Especially in here central hub or switch connect to each computer node in the network and also wired as a star. This does not permit direct data transfer between devices, it should be done via the central hub. Less costly, easy to installation configuration, less amount of cable needed are some advantages of this topology. Especially if one device breaks down, it does not affect other devices of the network. But, if the central hub fails the whole system destructs. And also it is required regular maintenance and more resources.

Bus topology

There is the main cable which introduced as the backbone and all the other devices connect to this cable. In order to, data transmission occurs via this main cable. Nodes connect to this main cable by using taps or T connectors. It is easy to build and maintain on the other hand it requires fewer cables than mesh and star topology. However, it is difficult to detect errors.

Mesh topology

Mesh is standard and powerful than other topologies. It has a dedicated point-to-point architecture. There are a lot of advantages to others. There are no data traffic problems. As well as this is most reliable and if one connection breaks down it is not affected by the whole system. However, this is a very secure topology due to impossible unauthorized access. As well as error detection is very easy. But it is required a huge number of wires and I/O ports. Furthermore, scalability issues can occur.

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Android Versions | A quick review of all android versions
AndroidComparisonsComputer SoftwareLinuxOperating System

Android Versions | A quick review of all android versions

by Oshan
written by Oshan

Android is the operating system that enables a lot of smartphones and tablets. Since these smartphones and tablets, devices reached our lives very rapidly. So they can call like sweets. Because of that, each android version is named after a dessert. Such as Cupcake, Donut, Éclair, Froyo, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, Ice cream sandwich and Jelly Bean, and so on. There are various android versions.

Initial Android versions

1.5 Cupcake

Cupcake android version introduced the camcorder to video recording. On the fly upload to YouTube and Picasa. It enabled Bluetooth functionality. Widgets on the home screen and also it was an animated screen.

1.6 Donut (2009)

The donut android version has a cam and camcorder integrated gallery. Voice search, voice dial as well as bookmark, history, and contact searching are special functionalities of this. It also using text to speech conversion. Besides, has WVGA screen resolution and google turn-by-turn navigation features.

2.0 Eclair (2009)

Eclair has improved speed, better screen size resolution, and contrast ratio. It supports HTML5. Google maps 3.1.2 is the most important feature. It has an MS exchange server integration architecture. Moreover, having flash cameras and Bluetooth 2.1 virtual keyboard consider as special functionalities.

2.2 Froyo (2010)

The screen is 320 dpi and 720p. This version consists of improved speed, memory, and performance. Froyo has built using chrome with v8 JS Engine and JIT Compiler. It has Wi-Fi hotspot functionality. As well as, the ability to disable data access over mobile. Automatic apps update and Bluetooth contact sharing are important characteristics of Froyo. Nevertheless, it can install apps in expandable memory.

2.3 Gingerbread (2011)

This type of version has an X-tra large screen size and resolution. Especially has SNP VolP support. Audio effects and improved graphics for gaming is a special feature of this. In addition to that, there are special characteristics called near field communication, copy-paste features, multi-touch software keyboard, and multi-camera support. Furthermore, the gingerbread version has concurrent garbage collection, enhanced power management, and better app control. Also, it has a download manager for large downloads.

Honeycomb (2011)

This version launched on Moto Xoom. It has a 3D desktop with newer widgets. Also consists of multi-core processor architecture. On the other hand, it has so many features. Such as multi-panel navigation, Gtalk video chat, google chrome synchs, private browsing, and also tabbed web browsing.

Other latest versions

  • 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich (2011) – This is a collection of both Gingerbread and Honeycomb.
  • 4.1 Jelly Bean (2012) – Jelly beans have faster and smoother performance.
  • 4.4 KitKat (2013) – Everyone’s favorite sweet is chocolate. Therefore decided to name the next version of Android as KitKat. That enables us to win Nexus 7 or Google Play credit.
  • 5.0 Lollipop (2014) – Pop-up alerts it the special functionality.
  • 6.0 Marshmallow (2015) – Doze mode is introduced in this version to save battery life. On the other hand Fingerprint readers, 4K mode and Type-C are additional added features.
  • 7.0 Nougat (2016) – This already enables Google’s VR endeavor.
  • 8.0 Oreo (2017) – This is a multitasking version. This also has improved security features, copy-paste, and good battery management qualities.
  • 9.0 Pie (2018) – This version is very faster. The most important thing is the saving battery life.
  • 10.0 Q (2019) – This is the latest version of android. Released on September 3, 2019, on Pixel devices on Google. Every above version has a sweet dessert name. But this has deviated from other android version patterns.
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What is a network protocol | HTTP | TCP/IP | UDP
Computer hardwareComputer SoftwareNetwork Engineering

What is a network protocol | HTTP | TCP/IP | UDP

by Oshan
written by Oshan

What is a network protocol?

Network protocol same as human protocol. Human protocol means something we conduct all the time. Examples are render greetings, wait for a response, analyze the response, and act according to it. Why the network protocol similar to human protocol. Because network protocol also conducts the above-mentioned human protocol functions on the internet. Obviously, network protocols conduct, manage, and govern all communication activities in the network. A network protocol declares as rules which allow for data transmission between network devices. On the other hand, it conducts the format of messages so they can exchange successfully.

Definition of network protocol

What is a network? A network can build by connecting two or more computers. A network intends to enable the transferring information and files between multiple computer systems. Two computers should follow a set of rules when sending and receiving information with each other. In order to that, an essential set of communication rules called protocol rules which conduct the communication between two computers connected to the network. The computer network contains many different protocols. As well as they help to carry data packets. The protocols are built to work on different levels of network layers.

Types of network protocols

There are many network protocols in different network layers. There are mainly four different network layers and it has its network protocols. HTTP which is a most popular network protocol, FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SMTP, and DNS are some protocols in the Application Layer. As well as Transport Layer consists of TCP and UDP protocols. Furthermore, IP (Internet Protocol), ARP, ICMP, and IGMP are Network Layer’s protocols. Finally, Ethernet, Token Ring, and other link-layer protocols include the Network interface Layer. Out of that HTTP, TCP/UDP, IP is the most popular network protocols.

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

Also, HTTP considered a web browser. Hypertext refers to the text on a computer that will lead the user to other, related information on demand. Hypertext documents create using a special kind of document formatting or “markup” language called HyperText Markup Language (HTML). HTML format documents send or received between two or more computers over the network using HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

TCP

TCP means Transmission Control Protocol. TCP is connection-oriented. Along with configuration should be done between client and server processes. This is a full-featured protocol and allows us to transfer data and information reliably without considering network layer problems. However low overhead but it is higher than UDP. Transmission is speed is high but not speed as UDP. Because it has more additional functionalities. Also, it can transfer small to very large data quantity via the network. As well as TCP is sequenced and has acknowledgments.

UDP

UDP defines as User Datagram Protocol.  This is non-sequenced as well as it has no acknowledgment. It does not worry about the order of packet arrival. UDP needs fewer computer resources. Indeed, it has very high-speed data transmission than TCP because it has not additional features to do. Nevertheless, this network protocol is unreliable and connection-less. On the other hand, it has low overhead and low functionality.

IP

The extraction name is Internet Protocol. Actually, the internet is a network of computer networks. Here data is transmitted by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). A packet defines as a unit of delivering packets from one computer device to another. Importantly, basic task or functionality of IP is transferring data packets as quickly as possible from one router to another.

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Server Types | What is a server and What are the main types
ComparisonsComputer hardwareComputer SoftwareNetwork Engineering

Server Types | What is a server and What are the main types

by Oshan
written by Oshan

Servers became the most common thing in the early 1990s. There are a huge number of server types. A server for a home considered as Home Server. The mail server handles the transport of and access to emails. A mobile server defines as Server on the Go is an Intel Xeon processor-based server-class laptop form factor computer. The name server is also a server type and it also called DNS. Thus Print server provides printer services. The proxy server is another important server type. That behaves as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources from other servers. The sound server provides multimedia broadcasting, streaming. A server on a Windows network that neither belongs to nor conducts a Windows domain. Furthermore, a web server is a server that HTTP clients connect to send commands and receive responses along with data contents.

What is a server?

A server is a collection of computer programs or a machine. That take and process requests generated by another program or a machine (e.g. client) and also respond to them. It conducts some computational functions instead of clients. The term server uses quite broadly in information technology. Despite the many serve-branded products available in theory any computerized process.

Primary functions of the server

It manages network resources. As well as provides shared services to connected clients. On the other hand share data or hardware and software resources among other workstations.

Special server types

Web Server

This is using for web sites hosting. Moreover, it responds to web browser requests by producing static web pages. Security, Application construction, site management, dynamic contents are some special functions of this. Importantly it provides searching capabilities that allow users to search sites. Especially allows us to search for large sites. Also provides data analysis capabilities that allow site designers and administrators to track how the site is being used. Apache HTTP Server, Apache Tomcat, Microsoft IIS which is part of Microsoft Windows can introduce as examples.

Application Server

Also, define as Middleware. That handles and manages all application operations between users and a database.

Database Server

It provides database services. Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle database, and MYSQL considered examples.

File Server

This provides file services, storing shared files, and manage a group’s application. Pull a large amount of data off the storage subsystem and pass the data over the network. In order to that requires many slots for network connections and large capacity as well as a fast hard disk subsystem. This is very I/O oriented. Microsoft Windows Storage Server is considered as an example and which built on the Microsoft Windows Server.

Proxy Server

A proxy behaves as an intermediary agent between its client and the server. Actually, this is a computer that provides computer network services to allow clients to make indirect connections to other network services.

Audio/Video Servers

It enables websites to broadcast streaming and multimedia content.

Chat Server

That enables a large number of users to exchange information in an environment similar to Internet newsgroups that provides real-time discussion.

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Linux Red Hat | Everything you need to know
Computer SoftwareLinuxOperating System

Linux Red Hat | Everything you need to know

by Bhagya
written by Bhagya

Linux red hat is a Linux platform or a Unix-like OS family. Now Linux is the most popular operating system. SUSE Linux, Fedora Linux, Red Hat enterprises, CentOS, Ubuntu, and Turbo are some Linux distributors. Most leading Red Hat Enterprise is the developer of this. Also, it has discontinued the working state. As well as its source model is open source. Firstly, the Red hat was released on May 13 in 1995, 25 years ago. The latest release was considered 8.2 on April 28, 2020.

History

The first version was Version 3.0.3. It had a better linkage and administrative format. Ketan Bagal developed Anaconda graphical installer for this Linux red hat. A software library called Kudzu was introduced in Version 6. The Blue curve desktop theme is included in Version 8.0.

More Details

Features

A Linux distribution developed by Red Hat Inc. Mainly it focuses on the commercial market. So it has a Linux kernel type. However, it has various free software licenses. Further, provides property binary blobs. Usually uses Package Kit, Yum, and RPM package managers. GNOME Shell considers as the default user interface of this. Especially supports IBM Power System, IBM Z, x86-64, and ARM64 platforms. Importantly used for supercomputers, mainframe computers workstations as well as servers. Nowadays Linux red hat mange and conduct many of the software. And also it supports cloud, storage, middleware, automation, virtualization technologies.

 

Why should we use this?

Linux red hat is free and open-source. On the other hand, it works on several platforms. Always it has a very powerful security system and robustness. Because of that it does not exists viruses. However, it has widespread usage. The Linux kernel is distributed under GNU, which provides a free software foundation. Crashes or freezes are not existing in this platform is the most special feature.

 

Contrast

Difference between Fedora and Red Hat

Red hat is a commercial or corporative version based on projects of Fedora but Fedora is a general-purpose platform configured via the Linux OS kernel model. Fedora releases new versions about incrementally every six months but our main topic releases new versions according to the 12-18 schedule.

 

Difference between Oracle and Red Hat

Oracle Linux is distributed by Oracle cooperation. Though red hat has a GNOME default user interface oracle has both GNOME and KDE default user interfaces. Unlike the red hat, Oracle has GPL, GNU, and different kinds of licenses. Both oracle and red hat are using RPM packages. But oracle mainly applies to cloud computing and enterprises.

 

Ubuntu and Red Hat

The red hat has a CLI based system, so it is difficult to practice for novice users. But it is easy to use Ubuntu for novice users. Ubuntu has a large community and it is easy to use.

 

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What is the best Android Emulator for Windows?
AndroidComparisonsComputer SoftwareOperating SystemWindows

What is the best Android Emulator for Windows?

by Bhagya
written by Bhagya

Android Emulators are used by different PC users for various tasks. Although, there are a ton of these services you can select from, finding the best one that suits you the best is not an easy task. So let us take a look at how to find the perfect Android adapter for Windows that suits your needs.

What is an Android Emulator?

Simply put this is a platform that lets people run android applications in PC. There are many reasons for people using these Android Adapters. One of the biggest reasons for using this software is to play android games on your computer. Also, app developers use them to test their applications.

Given below are some of the best Android Emulators in the market.

Bluestacks

Perhaps the most famous Android Emulator, Bluestack’s ability to run android games makes them popular. Furthermore, it is free to use service which supports both Windows and macOS.

It also has separate settings and controls made separately for games which makes gaming a lot easier. And with some decent hardware, you can get a very good performance from Blustacks. Furthermore, its ability to run standalone APK files is another perk of using the service.

Blustacks come with multiple languages that users can select from such as English, Spanish, and French. This gives a huge advantage of using this emulator over others.

While there are complaints about Blustacks taking large storage space, Its constant updates and running applications flawlessly make them one of the best Emulators in the market.

LDPlayer Android Emulator.

LDPlayer is another Android emulator for gamers. Also, the great graphics support and high FPS rate make this emulator very desirable. They also come out with new updates almost every month making sure that the service is running flawlessly.

LDPlayer operates on Android Nougat 7.1. Like Blustacks this software also has separate controls for different games which makes it easier to game using the LDPlayer. Much like the Bluestacks, this software is also free of charge.

Much like Blustacks this emulator also comes with multiple languages to select from. Unfortunately, a list of languages you can select from to operate the emulator isn’t as big as Bluestacks.

While there are certain flaws with the LDPlayer it is still one of the top-rated Android Emulators for Windows OS in the market today.

Android Studio’s emulator.

This is the best Android emulator on the list if you are a developer. Although its made as an environment to code and develop android applications Android studio also comes with an emulator. This emulator gives you the ability to test what you have developed with ease.

Furthermore, the Android studio has a very large library that makes the development of Android apps easier.

Conclusion

Since most of these emulators support windows OS, there is a huge list of names you can select from. Deciding the best android emulator depends on the user’s need. Makes sure the selected software comes with regular updates to keep the service up to date.

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What is a computer | A simple instruction
Computer hardwareComputer ScienceComputer SoftwareProcessor

What is a computer | A simple instruction

by Bhagya
written by Bhagya

The first computers were people. That is, electronic computers had given this name because they performed the work that had previously been assigned to people. Earlier “Computer” was the only machine that was used to perform repetitive calculations. Imagine you had a job where hour after hour, day after day, you were to do nothing but compute multiplications. And even on your best days, you wouldn’t be producing answers very fast. As well as, man used his fingers, ropes, beads, bones, pebbles, and other objects for counting. Therefore, inventors have been searching for hundreds of years for a way to mechanize this task. After the enumeration of inventions, the computer was founded in 1833 with all the functionalities. Also, British mathematician Charles Babbage was considered as the father of a computer. Along with that, the lady Ada Augusta Lovelace wrote the first program to the first computer.

Definition of computer

Definition

A computer is electronic equipment or device that fulfills basic tasks called input, process, store, and output. Of course, it is a machine. It can execute a finite set of instructions. Besides, that can process data according to those instructions.

Computer system components

Firstly, computers act as a collection of hardware and software. Hardware means the physical components that make up a computer system. Software is the programs (instructions) that tell the computer what to do. Especially, the motherboard is the main component. It is a printed circuit board that performs the key functions to enable the smooth running of the computer. Not only the motherboard but also the CPU is always the main component of the computer and that is the heart of the computer. Furthermore, RAM and ROM conduct the memory or storage part of the computer. IN addition to that display, floppy drive, keyboard, mouse, CD-ROM drive, sound card, VGA card up are some other components of the computer.

History of the computer

There are six generations of computer history.

Zero Generation

Firstly, Abacus was the pioneer of the computer history that was founded by the Chinese in 405 B C. It could only do basic mathematical functions such as additions and subtractions. Therefore “Pascaline” and “Difference & Analytical Engine” machines invented to succeed in other basic mathematical functions including multiplication and division.

 First Generation (1940-1956)

The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. Besides the first generation computers relied on machine language (lower level). UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices. But it was expensive and difficult to operate. Moreover, using a great deal of electricity, generating a lot of heat and a large computer size are some disadvantages of this generation.

Second Generation (1956-1963)

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. As well as that generation used assembly languages. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory. Obviously, the second generation computer was cheaper, smaller, lower generated heat, and faster than the first generation.

Third Generation (1964-1971)

An especially third-generation used Integrated Circuits (IC). Keyboards, monitors, and interfaces with operating systems were replaced. To, it used high-level programming languages such as COBOL and FORTRAN. Third-generation computers were more efficient, reliable, lower-cost very speed and easy to operate than previous generations.

Fourth Generation (1971-present)

Undoubtedly this generation use microprocessors and all the components located with the computer. On the other hand keyboard, mouse, monitor, speakers, and especially GUI interfaces are used in this generation. However these computers are very efficient, more powerful, speed, and small. There are even portable and handheld computers today.

Fifth Generation (present and beyond)

Fifth-generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence. This generation of computers is still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.

Types of computers

Main Types

Mainly computers can classify according to three categories namely analog, hybrid, and digital. Analog computers are used to process continuous data such as voltage, current, sound, speed, temperature, pressure, etc. Digital Computers. Also, a digital computer is an electronic computing machine that uses the binary digits (bits) 0 and 1 to represent all forms of information internally in digital form. However, hybrid computers have the best features of both analog and digital.

Digital Computers

Digital computers can be categorized as purpose wise and size-wise. In purpose wise, there are two types. The first one is general-purpose computers and the other one special-purpose computers. Likewise, computers can classify according to sizes, speed, and memory capacity. Computers are different types of Super Computers, Mainframe Computers, Mini Computers, Micro/Personal Computers. Today we are using the desktop, laptop, tablet pc, or handheld pc which falls under microcomputers. They use different input devices such as the keyboard, mouse joysticks, and speakers and also use different storage devices namely hard disk, floppy disk, CD, etc. As well as a visual display screen (monitor), speakers and/or a printer is used to get the output.

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What is a Linux OS? Why Linux is so popular?
Computer SoftwareLinuxOperating System

What is a Linux OS? Why Linux is so popular?

by Bhagya
written by Bhagya

Linux Operating System(OS) is an open-source OS that can work across platforms. Also, we can install the Linux OS on computers, mobile phones, tablets, and laptops. This OS is based on Unix which is also another OS. Linux is been around for more than 30 years.

Why Use Linux OS?

One of the biggest reasons for using this OS is it comes free of cost. Also, the OS gives you protection from viruses, malware, and other threats that other OS cannot give you. This will save you money on additional security software. Also, user privacy is well respected by the Linux OS.

Unlike other OS, Linux provides certain services that you can install to your device easily. For example, to install a web server in Microsoft OS it takes a lot of time while it only takes a few commands to do it in Linux.

And the open-source help you run any programs for any purpose and learn how it runs. Also, you can modify the OS to suit your need and distribute the OS without any legal troubles. Linux also comes out with updates regularly and this helps fix small problems users face. Also, it’s easy to update the Linux when you compare them with other OS. Linux is also a lot more reliable than other OS where crashes and slowing are less common. Even in case of a crash, you will have a lot of community supports that will help you to fix it faster. The need for a reboot in a Linux system is rare. Linux is always trying to improve its user experience that will make the OS beginner-friendly.

Features of Linux OS

Linux has two types of interface, Command Line Interface(CLI) and the Graphical User Interface(GUI). The desktops and laptops mainly use the GUI. But, you can use the CLI which is a textbase command to do certain actions as well. Another, good thing about the Linux OS is it can run on devices with low-end hardware.

Linux also is a great OS for programming. One of the best perks of using this OS for programming is that it supports most of the languages we use for coding. Linux can support languages like Python, PHP, Java, and Ruby without any new installations. Also, this OS has other features that make coding easier with its terminal been better to code on than other OS. And the package manager along with libraries native to Linux makes the job easier.

Also due to better security and fewer crashes, Linux is used as the OS in many servers. Also, they have no downtime which is the reason why it’s is the best OS for servers.

Conclusion

Although the Linux OS isn’t as easy to use as the other OS for beginners, with time it gets easier. But its ability to give the user a secure and smooth service cannot be rival by any other OS. In conclusion, the services Linux gives outweigh its slight problems which makes it one of the best OS to work on.

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